Comparison of intravenous ketorolac at three doses for treating renal colic in the emergency department: A noninferiority randomized controlled trial

Background Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that extensively used for the management of renal colic in emergency department (ED). It has been proposed ketorolac at doses above its analgesic ceiling with no more advantages and increased risk adverse effects. In this study, we compared effects three intravenous patients colic. Methods This noninferiority, randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluated efficacy (10, 20, 30 mg) adult presenting to ED Exclusion criteria consisted age > 65 years, active peptic ulcer disease, acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or hepatic insufficiency, NSAID hypersensitivity, pregnancy breastfeeding, unstable vital signs, who had received analgesics past 24 hours. Pain was recorded every 15 minutes from baseline up 60 minutes, primary outcome pain reduction minutes. If still required additional medications they would receive 0.1 mg/kg morphine sulfate as rescue analgesic. Results A total 165 subjects enrolled 55 each group. The median visual analog scale score improved 90 40 among were randomized 30-mg improvement 50 mm 20- 10-mg treatment arms, respectively, significant difference between (p < 0.05). Secondary outcomes showed similar administration There serious event. Conclusion 10-, 20-, can produce